Bipolar disorder

Bipolar disorder may be a condition that options extreme shifts in mood and fluctuations in energy and activity levels which will build daily living tough. antecedently referred to as manic depressive illness, it's a significant psychological state that, if left untreated, will destroy relationships, undermine career prospects, and seriously have an effect on educational performance. In some cases, it will cause suicide.

Types of Bipolar disorders

There ar four basic sorts of bipolar disorder:

1. Bipolar I Disorder is principally outlined by wild or mixed episodes that last a minimum of seven days, or by wild symptoms that ar therefore severe that the person desires immediate medical aid. Usually, the person additionally has depressive episodes, generally lasting a minimum of period. The symptoms of mania or depression should be a significant modification from the person’s traditional behavior.

2. Bipolar II Disorder is outlined by a pattern of depressive episodes shifting back and forth with hypomanic episodes, however no full-blown wild or mixed episodes.

3.Bipolar Disorder Not Otherwise such (BP-NOS) is diagnosed once an individual has symptoms of the malady that don't meet diagnostic criteria for either bipolar I or II. The symptoms might not last long enough, or the person might have too few symptoms, to be diagnosed with bipolar I or II. However, the symptoms ar clearly out of the person’s traditional vary of behavior.

4. manic-depressive psychosis, or cyclothymic disorder, may be a delicate sort of affective disorder. those that have cyclothymic disorder have episodes of hypomania that shift back and forth with delicate depression for a minimum of 2 years. However, the symptoms don't meet the diagnostic needs for the other style of affective disorder.

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Allergic rhinitis

Allergic rubor, additionally called pollinosis, is associate degree hypersensitive reaction. you've got associate degree hypersensitivity reaction once your body overreacts to things that don’t cause issues for many folks. this stuff square measure referred to as allergens. Your body’s response to the allergens is what causes symptoms.

There square measure two types of allergic rhinitis:

Seasonal (hay fever): Caused by associate degree hypersensitivity reaction to spore and/or mould spores within the air. spore is that the fine powder that comes from the reproductive structure of flowering plants. It will be carried through the air and is definitely indrawn. Symptoms square measure seasonal and typically occur in spring, late summer, and fall.

Perennial: Caused by different allergens like dirt mites, pet hair or dander, or mold. Symptoms occur year-around.

Hay fever is that the most typical sort of hypersensitivity reaction. Symptoms of pollinosis square measure seasonal. you'll feel worse once the pollens that have an effect on you're at their highest levels.

Allergic rhinitis

Allergic rubor, additionally called pollinosis, is associate degree hypersensitive reaction. you've got associate degree hypersensitivity reaction once your body overreacts to things that don’t cause issues for many folks. this stuff square measure referred to as allergens. Your body’s response to the allergens is what causes symptoms.

There square measure two types of allergic rhinitis:

Seasonal (hay fever): Caused by associate degree hypersensitivity reaction to spore and/or mould spores within the air. spore is that the fine powder that comes from the reproductive structure of flowering plants. It will be carried through the air and is definitely indrawn. Symptoms square measure seasonal and typically occur in spring, late summer, and fall.

 

Perennial: Caused by different allergens like dirt mites, pet hair or dander, or mold. Symptoms occur year-around.

Hay fever is that the most typical sort of hypersensitivity reaction. Symptoms of pollinosis square measure seasonal. you'll feel worse once the pollens that have an effect on you're at their highest levels.

HIV - virus

Introduction

HIV could be a virus that attacks the system, that is our body’s natural defense against unhealthiness. The virus destroys a sort of white somatic cell within the system referred to as a T-helper cell, and makes copies of itself within these cells. T-helper cells also are spoken as CD4 cells.

The virus is really not one, however many completely different viruses within the category of Retroviridae and therefore the genus Lentivirus. The species differs and there's a bigger list of subtypes. There ar 2 major types: HIV one and HIV a pair of – HIV one is believed to originate from chimpanzees and gorillas in western Africa; HIV a pair of originates from jet-black mangabeys (another ape) found in African nation and Republic of Ghana. HIV one is that the additional deadly and is that the reason behind the AIDS pandemic and may be divided into the M, N, O, and P subgroups, however HIV a pair of is additionally proverbial to cause AIDS.

ADA Deficiency – Overview, Causes, and Prognosis

ADA Deficiency

Description-

Adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency is Associate in Nursing genetic disorder that damages the system and causes severe combined immunological disorder (SCID). folks with severe combined immunodeficiency lack just about all immune protection from bacterium, viruses, and fungi. they're at risk of repeat and protracted infections which will be terribly serious or serious. These infections ar usually caused by “opportunistic” organisms that unremarkably don't cause unhealthiness in folks with a standard system.

 

Pathophysiology of adenosine deaminase Deficiency

Due to the dearth of catalyst ADA, there's Associate in Nursing onset of adenosine deaminase deficiency. This step by step ends up in Associate in Nursing accumulation of nucleoside, which, in turn, leads to:

A buildup of dATP all told cells, that inhibits ribonucleotide enzyme and prevents polymer synthesis, thus cells ar unable to divide. Since developing T cells and B cells ar a number of the foremost mitotically active cells, they're extremely vulnerable to this condition.

An increase in S-adenosylhomocysteine since the catalyst ADA is vital within the purine salvage pathway; each substances ar toxicant to immature lymphocytes, that therefore fail to mature.